PixelValuePositions
[image, val]PixelValuePositions[Image[{{0, 1}, {1, 0}, {1, 1}}], 1]
PixelValuePositions[Image[{{0.2, 0.4}, {0.9, 0.6}, {0.3, 0.8}}], 0.5, 0.15]
hedy = Import["ExampleData/hedy.tif"];
PixelValuePositions[hedy, 1, 0][[1]]
PixelValue[hedy, {180, 192}]